Conformity And Love In George Orwells 1984 - 1344 Words

Conformity and Love in 1984 The ability to love is possibly one of the most recurring aspects of humanity. Everyday people fall in and out of love with each other s personalities, opinions and lifestyle choices. In his novel 1984, George Orwell depicts a dystopian, loveless society. The technology, newspeak, and doublethink force conformity on Oceania, the setting of the book. The lack of diversity in people creates a world, where there isn’t any reason to love anyone else. Family relationships that were formerly built with love, support, and loyalty are ripped away and replaced with distrust, anxiety and hostility. Sexual relationships no longer have love or pleasure, which makes them mean virtually nothing, except the hope of†¦show more content†¦Additionally, there is doublethink. It is a skill that every law-abiding citizen is expected to master. It is the ability to actively dispose of memories, because the government instructs them to. If no one’s memory holds true, how can a perso n change due to the experiences of life. The thing that probably allows all these schemes to work is the technology the government uses to observe it’s people. Through telescreens and hidden microphones, the Party is able to watch and listen to anyone at any given time. No one dares to rebel, because getting caught is a guarantee. Through these means, the government is able to create a society full of humans with the exact same mindset. No one wants to be the odd man out, because torture and death are real possibilities. Families are supposed to be a safe environment for all people. Human’s longest lasting relationships are the ones formed with family members. In 1984, it is as if parents are only used to provide a home for up and coming citizens. Children are being turned into the ideal party members. There are different groups that the party created to force the children into conformity. Winston mentally expressed his disdain when interacting with the Parsons’ children. â€Å"What was worst of all was that by means of such organizations as the Spies they were systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet produced in them no tendencyShow MoreRelatedThe Threat of Love in Totalitarian Regimes as Depicted in Orwells 19841424 Words   |  6 PagesLove is the foundation and the weakness of a totalitarian regime. For a stable totalitarian society, love between two individuals is eliminated because only a relationship between the person and the party and a love for its lea der can exist. The totalitarian society depicted throughout the Orwell’s novel 1984 has created a concept of an Orwellian society. Stalin’s Soviet state can be considered Orwellian because it draws close parallels to the imaginary world of Oceania in 1984. During the twentiethRead MoreTotalitarian World, Conformity Is Necessary for Survival799 Words   |  4 Pages‘In a totalitarian world, conformity is necessary for survival.’ Discuss. George Orwell’s political parable, 1984, portrays an oppressive and dictatorial government, which thereby presents to the reader a palpable sense of danger and malevolence born out of the creation of a counter utopic totalitarian regime. Orwell’s nihilistic creation of Oceania, presents a world wherein every aspect of private and public life is abhorrently regimented and regulated by the autocratic ‘Big Brother’. The wholeRead MoreThe Threat of Love in Orwell’s Novel 1984 Essays1339 Words   |  6 PagesLove is both the foundation and the weakness of a totalitarian regime. At the heart of any totalitarian society, love between two individuals is eliminated because only a relationship between the person and the party and a love for its leader can exist. The totalitarian society depicted throughout the Orwell’s novel 1984 has created a concept of an Orwellian society. Joseph Stalin’s Soviet regime in Russia can be described as Orwellia n. The imaginary world of Oceania draws many parallels to theRead More George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesgreat deal of freedom to express themselves. The fictional society in George Orwell’s 1984 also stands as a metaphor for a Totalitarian society. Communication, personal beliefs, and individual loyalty to the government are all controlled by the inner party which governs the people of Oceania in order to keep them from rebelling. Current society in North America is much more democratic. It contrasts with Orwell’s society of 1984 because communication, personal beliefs and the people’s loyalty to theRead MoreComparing Orwells 1984 to Todays Government Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pages 1984 has come and gone. The cold war is over. 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Socialist idealism in 1984 had turned to a total loss ofRead MoreThe Importance Of Totalitarian Government In George Orwells 19841803 Words   |  8 Pageshelp establish the foundation of the world in the novel 1984 by George Orwell. The novel is set in an alternate version of the year 1984, imagined by Orwell in the 1940s. The world had split into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. The main character, Winston Smith, lives in Oceania where the entire superstate is run by an all powerful government, lead by the divine and immortal Big Brother. This is a government in which all love and individual thought is outlawed. This is reinforcedRead MoreA Look into Totalitarianism In 1984 by George Orwell1600 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984, George Orwell portrays a world that has been altered to a state of political control. The lives and thoughts of a population are controlled by the government in 1984. 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Huck Finn Oh, the Irony of Society! Free Essays

Satire is a subtle literary technique involving the criticism of human idiocy through scorn and biting irony. With a faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade of crude bias and prejudice, satire’s influence lies in the reader’s capability of interpretation. Due to Mark Twain’s constant application of racial aspersions, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn contains strong implications of an archetypal racist novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Huck Finn: Oh, the Irony of Society! or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, with satirical insight and the shrewd application of realism and irony, the novel reveals itself to hold an opposing stance through its harsh ridicule of white society. Utilizing a sense of realism for the setting for his novel, Twain correctly portrays historical accuracy in the perspective of white society through the prejudice he presents. Twain attempts to instill a sense of authenticity in his readers while indistinctly instilling novel concepts that grow stronger and undeniable by the novel’s conclusion. For example, when Aunt Sally hears of a steamboat explosion: â€Å"Good gracious! anybody hurt?† â€Å"No’m. Killed a nigger.† â€Å"Well, that’s lucky, because sometimes people get hurt, â€Å"(167). Almost laughable in its absurdity, this quote portrays whites in a callous light, revealing their disdain for black lives. Aunt Sally is a respected figure in white society, not an outcast like Pap or the King and the Duke. Yet her judgment is no better than Pap’s comments on his contempt of educated blacks; she simply does not consider them â€Å"people.† Twain’s motivation was to exhibit the horrors of the south at that time, how highly regarded people in society were so heartless, not feeling any remorse for the loss of a life simply because it was black. Jim is another excellent example of Twain’s usage of realism. Jim characterizes the stereotypical black slave, with terrible grammar, a nearly indiscernible accent and superstitious to the point of idiocy. Twain’s agenda in typecasting Jim is not to deride blacks, but to make Jim a realistic, believable character by setting him up as a conventional black slave. Jim requires such establishment because he represented an individual with moral standards far above those of most whites, such as Pap and the Duke and the King. He is the moral center of the novel, sacrificing his freedom out of loyalty to Huck. Twain’s message through Jim is clear: Even the average black slave has a more honorable soul than the majority of the white population. A notion profoundly difficult for Twain’s intended audience to grasp, Huck becomes a liaison between his audiences, helping to bridge the difficulty of comprehension through his own confusion. One particularly monumental instance was after the separation in the fog, Huck tries to lie to Jim. However, when Jim realizes that Huck is trying to trick him, he voices his regret and disappointment of the broken trust. It is at this moment that Huck realizes Jim’s keen sense of morality, and almost instantly feels apologetic. â€Å"It was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go and humble myself to a nigger-but I done it, and I wrn’t every sorry for it afterwards neither. I didn’t do him no more mean tricks, and I wouldn’t done that one if I’d ‘a’ knowed it would make him feel that way,† ( ). The mere fact that Huck is regretful for hurting Jim, a black slave, shows Jim’s impact on him, the â€Å"pinch of conscience† (Poirier 6) that the sheer morality of the man created in him. Irony was another strong factor in Twain’s method of persuading his audiences. He effectively uses petty, seemly insignificant instances such as Tom Sawyer’s boyish delusions of grandeur as metaphors of greater connotation. When questioned about his intricate plans, Tom replies, â€Å"Do you want to go doing different from what’s in the books, and get things all muddled up?† (7). Tom is clearly a portrayal of white society, and his actions reflect his environment. On a larger scale, Huck’s confusion about society’s notions on respectability is similar to the questions presented toward Tom, and the answers given in return are analogous as well. â€Å"We have before us the creation in words of a whole society built on games, tricks, and illusions, and the adult version is only superficially different from the children’s† (Poirier 2) There is hardly any common sense involved with decisions, only a common law established by unknown authorities and blindly upheld by the conformity of the masses. Due to his role as an outcast of white society, â€Å"Huckleberry Finn took the first journey back. He was the first to look back at the republic from the perspective of the west. His eyes were the first eyes that ever look at us objectively that were not eyes from overseas†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Fitzgerald 1) Twain challenges his readers by such mockery, inviting them to join Huck’s rational judgment, one unclouded by the shackles of the populace. Through subtle application, Mark Twain used realism and irony to contribute to Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, his satirical masterpiece. He uses white society’s degrading of blacks and their unconscious actions to illustrate his obvious scorn of white society’s hypocrisy and conformity, allowing for the gradual realization of the bleakness of white society. How to cite Huck Finn: Oh, the Irony of Society!, Papers

Challenges In Cyber Affecting For Business â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Is The Role Of Cyber Security In Providing Safety And Security To The Data Of The Business? Which Challenges In Cyber Security Are Faced By The Business? What Measures Can Be Adopted By The Business For Coping With These Challenges In Cyber Security? Answers: Introduction This research program has been executed over the topic Challenges in Cyber Security for Business in which discussion has been regarding the various challenges in Cyber Security affecting the performance of the business. The focus of this research program is on analysis of these challenges in cyber security faced by a business which affects their performance at large. Different methods and techniques will be applied in this research program for the purpose of collection of reliable and authentic data. These methods of data collection have used in the collection of quality data. Literature review Cyber security plays a vital role in the present era as it is crucial to provide safety to the business from threats. The term cyber security can be explained as the body which includes different technologies and practices designed for the purpose of providing protection to the different programs, systems, networks from security threats to the business. The number of cases of cyber-attacks are increasing due to which the need to develop technologies has increased. These issues faced by the businesses have led a way for the digital transformation. Lack of availability of proper measures for protecting data can result in adverse impact on the confidentiality as well as financial performance of the business (Carr, 2016). Cyber-attacks can be explained as the cases where loop holes in the systems, networks, and programs are being identified by hackers for gaining benefit from them. Impact of cyber-attack cases can be seen on the national economy as well as on the global economy. Business es are adopting strategies for ensuring the safety and security of the data of the business from misuse. Innovations are taking place in the business environment which has resulted in the development of new technologies and increase in the cases of cyber-attack (Carroll, et. al., 2014). Businesses are facing various challenges due to the cyber security. Constant efforts are being made by the IT experts for coping with these increasing cases of cyber-attacks. The existence of the business is in danger due to the increasing cyber-attacks. Cyber security measures are being adopted by the businesses for operating within a safe and secure environment. But in this dynamic business environment, there has been a rise in the number of online threats. These online threats affect the confidentiality of the business as well as create a financial loss to the business. These online threats act as a challenge for the business. These challenges in cyber security are creating an impact on the global economy (Ulsch, 2014). Changes in the IT sector are taking place which has enhanced the performance of the business. The focus on the IT sector is on providing safety to the business from the increasing online threats. Businesses of different nature, size and structure are being targeted by the attackers for gaining access to their confidential data. Different challenges in cyber security have been identified which are creating an impact on the financial condition and performance of the business (Niglia, et. al., 2015). These challenges in cyber security include protecting passwords from unauthorized access, prevention of data from loss, encryption of disk, big data and cloud computing, digitalization, the internet, privacy laws, insider threats and USB control. These challenges need to be dealt in an effective manner so as to ensure that these challenges are not creating an impact on the performance of the business (Tyson, 2011). An insider threat is the result of dissatisfaction among the employees of the business. Passwords or confidential information of the company may get misused by the dissatisfied employees which result in a threat to the confidentiality of the company. For coping with this issue, companies need to keep a check on the activities of employees and proper monitoring need to be done. Reasons for the dissatisfaction among the employees need to be identified and focus must be on removing these reasons resulting in dissatisfaction among employees. On the other hand, Greenwald (2013), has stated that business faces challenges due to leakage of the information of the business and this information is utilized by the hackers for their personal interest. Business must check the systems installed at regular intervals for ensuring the safety and security of the data. A shift has been identified in the real world from real world towards virtual world. Every activity of the business is carried out with the services based on the internet. This dependency on the internet has increased the threats to business due to cyber security. With the increasing use of internet has increased online threat for the business. Every activity of the business is carried out with the help of internet and confidential of information is shared and stored on internet platforms or medium. There is a need to develop safe and secure platforms for the safety of the confidential information of the business. Personal devices are being used by the employees for accessing the professional accounts. This increase in the use of personal devices increases the chances of hacking of the software of the devices (Niglia, et. al., 2015). Privacy is the main concern for every business which must be ensured at every level. Business must ensure that employees are aware of the concept of confidentiality, online theft, and cyber-crimes so as to eliminate the cases of cyber-attack on the business. Training must be provided to the employees on regular intervals for using the devices in a safe and secure manner and not to disclose the confidential informa tion in front of others (Jones, 2011). These challenges create a huge impact on the performance of the business. Impact of these issues can be seen on the profitability, cost, and confidentiality of the business. For coping with these challenges, there is a need to develop a proper understanding of the cyber security and challenges which can affect the cyber security of the business (Woerner Elfering, 2014). Internal support must be developed by the business for coping with these challenges and IT support team of the business must focus on the elimination of adverse impacts of cyber-attack over the performance of the business. Business must ensure that personal devices of the employees are tracked and secured so as to make sure that the safety measures are used (Ulsch, 2014). Hypotheses Research questions are being formulated with a motive to form a base for the collection of the relevant information. Research questions help in the collection of the data for the research and enhance the quality of the research executed. These research questions are used for gathering relevant data for the research and executing it in a successful manner. Research questions for this research program are listed below Challenges in the cyber security affect the confidentiality of the business. Cases of cyber-attacks have increased due to increasing use of internet based platforms. Operational definitions and measurement This research program has been executed in a planned sequence so as to make sure that all the activities are carried out in an effective manner. An action plan has been developed for ensuring the execution of the research as the plan formulated. During the execution of this research program, the focus was on a collection of quality data which ensures that the facts presented in the research are reliable and authentic. Primary and secondary sources of data collection have been used for ensuring the reliability of the data presented. This research has been executed within the specified time frame for maintaining the effectiveness of the research project. Secondary sources include articles and journals available online which were published after the year 2010. These secondary sources have been used for ensuring that current information is presented in the research. This report has developed the knowledge of the different challenges in cyber security affecting the business. Research methodologies Research methodology can be explained as the sum of various methods and techniques which have been applied for the execution of the research program (Turkenburg McAuley, 2013). These methods and techniques are discussed below: Research methods: For the purpose of collection of quality information, the mixed method will be used in this research. Mixed method is a combination of qualitative as well as quantitative method (Wilson, 2016). The questionnaire will be conducted for collecting primary data and journals and articles will be used as secondary data. Use of both these methods will help in presenting different aspects of the research in a better manner (Gorard, 2013). Research approaches: qualitative as well as quantitative approaches will be used for executing this research program in an effective manner (Quick Hall, 2015). Primary and secondary data will help in presenting the current data related to the research topic. Structured and semi-structured or unstructured data will be collected with the help of qualitative and quantitative approach (Nirmala, 2013). Data collection: Data collection is an important aspect which helps in developing a better understanding of the different aspects of the research program. For the collection of data, primary and secondary sources of data collection will be used. The primary source of data collection is the raw form of data which is directly collected by the researchers (Thomas, 2015). A secondary source of data collection is the second-hand information gathered by other researchers for their work (Johnston, 2014). When it comes to reliability, the secondary source is preferred rather than the primary source. Sampling size and Techniques: Questionnaire will be presented top 40 employees so as to gather data related to the research program. For the analysis of the collected data within the limited time frame, random sampling technique will be used. Random sampling technique will help in analyzing the data in a proper manner by providing equal opportunity to every sample of getting selected (Nishad Sankar, 2016). Targeted market: primary data will be collected from the employees of multi-national companies who are the part of IT support team. The questionnaire will be presented to them so as to gather data and analysis will be done on the collected data. Choice: Different alternatives are available for conducting this research program without skipping out any important aspect. The best alternative has been selected for conducting this research program. Ethical consideration: During the execution of this research program, the focus was on complying with the ethical aspects of ensuring the safety of the society from the activities of the research project. Different principles or values have been followed during the execution of this project including confidentiality, honesty, dignity, and unbiasedness. Confidentiality has been maintained for ensuring the safety of the confidential information of the respondents. Facts are presented in true and fair manner. Limitations of the research: few limitations have been identified which have affected the execution process of the research. These limitations include the availability of limited timeframe for executing the project, lack of availability of sufficient resources and access to the data. Research process Serial no. Activities Initiation date Duration (days) Completion date Description A Selection of research topic 22 August 2017 2 23 August 2017 During this step of the research process, research topic will be selected. B Formulating plans 24 August 2017 6 29 August 2017 Plans will be prepared for conducting the different activities of the research in a successful manner. C Implementation of plans 30 August 2017 8 06 September 2017 Plans will be implemented as per the previous step so as to ensure that all the aspects are considered while implementing plans. D Selecting sources of data collection 07 September 2017 2 08 September 2017 For the collection of data, primary as well as secondary sources of data collection are available. These sources will be analyzed for deciding which source will be used for this research program. E Collection of data 09 September 2017 7 15 September 2017 Data will be collected by applying the sources of data collection selected by the researcher. F Analysis and evaluation of the collected data 16 September 2017 4 19 September 2017 Collected data will be analyzed and evaluated so as to interpret the results from the collected data. G Conclusion and recommendations 20 September 2017 3 22 September 2017 The conclusion will be drawn and recommendations will be given by forming a base from the analysis and evaluation of the data. Expected outcomes This research has discussed the importance of cyber security for the business and challenges in cyber security for business. From the execution of this research program, it is expected that knowledge of the concept of cyber security will be developed along with the various challenges in cyber security. After completion of this research program, the impact of the various challenges in the cyber security on the business will be developed. It is an important aspect as these challenges are affecting the performance of the business. This research program has been executed with a motive to discuss the role played by cyber security for the safety, security, and confidentiality of the data of the business. After the analysis and evaluation of the different aspects, research will be able to develop knowledge of cyber security and the challenges due to change in the business environment. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that cyber-attacks are increasing due to which threat to the confidentiality of the business is increasing. This research program has discussed different challenges in cyber security which are affecting the performance of the business. Research questions have been formulated for the purpose of gathering information for the research program. All these aspects have helped in developing knowledge of the changing aspects of the business environment and their impact on the business. Different methods have been applied for the collection of data related to the research topic. Primary as well as secondary sources have been used for the collection of data. References Carr, M., 2016, Public-private partnerships in national cyber-security strategies,International Affairs, 92(1), pp.4362. Carroll, T., Greitzer, E. Roberts, F., 2014, Security informatics research challenges for mitigating cyber friendly fire,Security Informatics, 3(1), pp.114. Gorard, S., 2013, Research design: creating robust approaches for the social sciences, SAGE, London. Greenwald, J., 2013, Challenges hold up passage of federal cyber security legislation,Business Insurance,47(10), 17-18. Johnston, M. P., 2014, Secondary Data Analysis:A Method of which the Time Has Come, Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, pp. 619 626. Jones, R., 2011, Targeted cyber-attacks top agenda: the release of classified documents by whistleblowing website Wikileaks highlights the security challenge of the digital age for companies looking to protect critical business intelligence,MEED Middle East Economic Digest, 55(2), p.22. Niglia, A., Muchaidze, G. Niglia, A., 2015,The Protection of Critical Energy Infrastructure Against Emerging Security Challenges, IOS Press. Nirmala, Y., 2013, Chapter four: research design, Language in India, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 102. Nishad, P. M. Sankar, S., 2016, Efficient random sampling statistical method to improve big data compression ratio and pattern matching techniques for compressed data, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 179. Quick, J. Hall, S., 2015, Part three: The quantitative approach, Journal of perioperative practice, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 192. Thomas, J. A., 2015, Using unstructured diaries for primary data collection, Nurse researcher, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 25. Turkenburg, J. P. McAuley, K. E., 2013, Data collection and processing,Acta Crystallographica Section D,vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 1193-1194. Tyson, D., 2011,Security Convergence Managing Enterprise Security Risk, Burlington: Elsevier Science. Ulsch, M., 2014,Cyber Threat! How to Manage the Growing Risk of Cyber Attacks (Wiley Corporate FA), Hoboken: Wiley. Wilson, V., 2016, Research Methods: Mixed Methods Research, Evidence Based Library and Information Practice, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 56-59. Woerner, R. Elfering, D., 2014, Execution in the Fog of War: Four Enterprise Security Challenges that Must be Addressed as Cyber War Combatants,Security, 51(9), pp.72-74.

The Perfect Blend free essay sample

Banana. Spinach. Greek yogurt. Honey. Soy milk. Separate, these ingredients are just average- but blend them together and they form the perfect combination for a smoothie. Like every individual, we all have our own distinctive elements that make up who we are. Success depends on how each is utilized. Banana. Endurance. Four seasons of tennis, twenty-five mile Ride for the Arts, Tosa Fest 5K run. These challenges have encouraged me to persevere and work harder than I ever thought possible. Spinach. Strength. Becoming an only child after my brother went to school meant stepping up my academics. By raising the bar and putting more time and effort in my education, I was able to fill the gap he left behind. Greek yogurt. Bold. Whereas regular classes would suffice for most people, AP classes were challenges I dared to take. The rigor of normal high school courses was never enough; I preferred going above and beyond of what was considered average. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perfect Blend or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Honey. Sweet. â€Å"Kristen, you are the sweetest grandchild.† Although she shouldn’t, Grandma always tells me this. Not only do I mow their lawn each week, but I take the time to sit and catch up with them afterwards. Soy milk. Unique. Being the only vegetarian in my immediate family, I’m the one who has to step out of the box to figure out a complete and nutritious meal without the meat. Just like the ingredients in a smoothie, each separate trait in a person makes up for whom that individual is. However, having the right blend positions me for even greater achievements.

First amendment Essays - Supreme Court, United States Constitution

First amendment Essays - Supreme Court, United States Constitution First amendment Reflections on the First Amendment The first amendment to the United States Constitution states that no law can be made to create a national religion, or imped the free practice of any or no religion. It also states that no one can infringe on the freedom of speech, freedom of press, and that no one can interfere with the right to peaceably assemble. This paper will cover the rights of privacy the first amendment protects, why so many cases need to be interpreted by the Supreme Court, and how those decisions made by the Supreme Court affect the rights of Americans today. Rights of Privacy. The United States Constitution was written to be an instruction guide for what America?s government can do, not what the American citizens can do. The Constitution does not clearly express any right to privacy. The first 10 amendments, known as the Bill of the Rights, reflects the concerns brought up during the ratification process of the Constitution, specifically reflected the rights and privileges of the American citizen. Amendment rights are not always protected. The notable court case of Garcetti v. Ceballos questioned the privacy of an employee, in which the Supreme Court decided ?When public employees make statements pursuant to their official duties, they are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer discipline? (Garcettu v. Ceballos, 2006).It is clear from the Constitution that the Post Office was established to keep correspondence private and not to be opened by anyone except the recipien t, but the envisioned right to privacy is still very debatable. In the fourth amendment citizens are protected from any reasonable searches and seizers, but in recent years airport scans, wiretapping, and many other means to protect American citizens are put to the test of what is the right of privacy. Supreme Court. The Constitution?s Article III established the federal judiciary that would serve as a check of power to the executive and legislature but also as a national institution that could settle disputes among states and try to unify the laws of America. The Supreme Court?s most important power was not part of the Constitution. In the case Marbury v. Madison in 1803 where Chief Justice, and Federalist, John Marshall set the precedence for the Supreme Courts power of judicial review. Judicial review gave the Court the right to review and take action against any legislation; local, state, or federal, and deem it unconstitutional. Congress later created the lower courts to ease the burden of the Supreme Court. The lower courts consist of the United States District Court, the United States Court of Appeals. With only a fraction of cases heard by the Supreme Court these lower courts have tremendous power over how laws are interpreted. The Supreme Court clears up matters where the lower courts ca nnot agree or by exhausting the lower court?s rulings. The Supreme Court changes with the American people. New appointments to the Court by new presidents and the temperament of the American public make a difference in how the Constitution is interpreted. The Supreme Court has reversed or drastically changed around 40 cases in its history. Rights of citizens. When the Supreme Court hears a case and makes their ruling, a precedent is set. The Court works toward a balance of the rights of the individual and the needs of society at large. When the Court issues a ruling the rights of all American citizens are changed or clarified. These rulings also affect all courts, previously laws passed, and being create. The most recent ruling from the Supreme Court is met with mix emotions. For six years the various states have tried to put laws into effect regarding violent video games, and each time these have been taken to court, they have lost. June 27, 2011, the Supreme Court ruled in agreement with the lower courts that such laws are unconstitutional restrictions on the first amendment. ?If there were a longstanding tradition in this county of specially restricting children?s access to depictions of violence, but there is none? (Justice Alito, 2011). This ruling is upsetting to those that feel these types of games should not be marketed to childre n, but precedence has been

How Buffer Achieves Continuous Growth Through Content Marketing

How Buffer Achieves Continuous Growth Through Content Marketing In the world of content marketing, there are few startups out there that have it more figured out than Buffer. With an average of 1900 shares per post, they have to be doing something right. For Buffer, though, content marketing is more than a mere marketing tactic – its a channel for growth. In fact, its their primary channel for growth. In the early days of Buffer, co-founder Leo Widrich was known for conducting  an  aggressive guest blogging campaign as a way to stimulate early growth. It worked, and now Buffer has a dedicated team of two carrying the torch forward. We caught up with Content Crafter Kevan Lee to see if we could learn more about the secrets to Buffers success. 1. Tell us about yourself. Why did you start  doing content marketing? I have the privilege of creating content for Buffer. My daily duties include writing helpful blog posts about social media and productivity, sending emails to our awesome customers, and sharing updates on the Buffer social media accounts. I’ve been writing in one form or another ever since I can remember. My journey took me to journalism school, traditional marketing, and then content marketing. I’ve been blogging, sharing, and creating online for the past eight years. 2. How big is your content marketing team? We’re fortunate at Buffer to have a team of 26 who can all write amazing stories and create awesome content. Our content marketing team of two – me and Courtney, our head of content marketing – love being able to lean on others for help as we fill our calendars with content and stories. On a day-to-day basis, the two of us take the majority of the content tasks, with helpful advice from Leo, our co-founder and the original voice on the blog. 3. What has been the most noticeable effect for Buffer from content marketing? Early on, we gained all of our new customers from content marketing. I believe it was right near 100 percent of new users who arrived via the content marketing tactics that Leo employed–guest blogging being one of the main routes. 4. What is the biggest challenge you have when it comes to your team’s workflow, communication, and content creation? Our challenge is one I love havingthere are so many different things we want to do and just not enough time to do them all! As as a team of two, we’ve chosen to focus on the aspects that have the biggest impact on our goals. As the team grows, we’d love to explore some additional avenues for content. 5. Do you set specific goals as far as to what your content marketing would look like, and what kind of measurable results you’d get? We’ve tried to identify the biggest opportunities for growth in our metrics, e.g. low traffic and high conversion where we can see great growth by bumping up the traffic side. Specifically, we’ve put a lot of emphasis on email marketing. Since making this a goal, we’ve seen great growth in this regard, doubling our signups month-over-month this summer. We’ve put an emphasis on email marketing. Since making this a goal, we’ve seen great growth6. What were you hoping would happen once you began content marketing? When I began content marketing, I was simply hoping to have an outlet to write, to help others, and to share online. I think all of those wishes have been fulfilled, and more. I think the element that took the longest to happen was feeling that I was helping others, simply because it takes a bit of an audience to get to that point. From day one at Buffer, I was so encouraged by the response and the feeling of helpfulness that comes with the Buffer blog. 7. What changes have you noticed in content marketing over the past year or so? We’ve noticed a big push toward visual content. On the Buffer blog, we’ve tried to stay ahead of the curve in this regard by creating an original image for every post we publish. It’s interesting to note that as we’re seeking stories to share via Buffer’s content suggestions, the ones with image stand out well above those without. Visual content is so much easier to share. We’ve noticed a big push toward visual content. Visual content is so much easier to share.8.What changes and trends do you think will occur in content marketing in the upcoming year? I expect marketers will continue to find new avenues to deliver their content. Visuals have been a huge step forward. Maybe the next will be SlideShare or micro-videos or snippets. Or maybe it will swing the other way where the longform, in-depth posts will be the ones that get the most attention. It seems that as content permeates the web that consumers are interested in separating the signal from the noise. That’s one area where I’m particularly interested to push forward. 9. What are the most common mistakes you see people making when it comes to content marketing? It might sound cliche, but I think that one of the most important reminders for content creators is to be helpful.  And this extends to the motivation behind a piece of content: Is it designed or written to help others or is it designed and written to bring in traffic or make a sale? You can tell the type of content that is based on the latter. Interestingly enough, content that is helpful will end up meeting the other goals, too.

The Difference Between Lyndon Johnson and Ronald Reagan Essay

The Difference Between Lyndon Johnson and Ronald Reagan - Essay Example Lyndon Johnson and Ronald Reagan too used different philosophies in delivering their mandate. The two former presidents of the United States of America led the two most influential presidencies of post-war United States of America. It is, therefore, the intention of the paper to provide a detailed analysis of Lyndon Johnson and Ronald Reagan concerning their philosophies of governance. Lyndon Johnson believed that was the responsibility of the big government to offer solutions to a number of problems facing American citizens (Langston, 1992). Concerning this, Lyndon believed that the social problems the Americans faced could only get a solution from the tax and the government. Johnson valued the program of the great society that aimed at giving quality life to all Americans. The program involved itself in ensuring a better education for the Americans and jobs. In addition, the program could help in fighting poverty as well as empowering the civil societies. The notion behind this was that, the civil societies could help in speaking for the poor through demonstrations and dialog. On the other hand, Ronald Reagan, believed that the big governments were the problem concerning valid solutions for the problems facing the Americans. In this regard, therefore, Reagan believes so much in the delegation of responsibilities. Reagan believes that delegation of duty helps bet ter the lives of miserable Americans than it being the role of the big federal government. In addition, Reagan had the ability to communicate convincingly concerning his vision for the Americans. The eloquence compensated for inadequacy in Reagan’s intellectual ability. Reagan’s conservative nature of wanting to uphold strategies that never worked contradicts Lyndon’s liberal nature. Lyndon remained open to trying new strategies in delivering to the American people, as Reagan believed in the delegation of duty. The delegation had failed severally and yet Reagan embraced it. In

Minimum Test Battery for Assessing CANS Function Essay

Minimum Test Battery for Assessing CANS Function - Essay Example The following general points should be considered when choosing tests to assess CANS. The sensitivity of central auditory tests is important and can be determined by testing patients with well-defined lesions of the central auditory nervous system (CANS). Using a decision matrix model, the test results from these patients can be analyzed in reference to scores (Musiek 81-82). Test selection should be guided by the intended use of the results. Specific tests may be preferred for differential diagnosis and monitoring disease progression or recovery, whereas other tests may be used to reveal functional deficits, to guide intervention planning, and to determine counseling efforts. There should also be a careful consideration of the population for testing (Katz, Stecker & Henderson 12-44). The various populations for central testing should be divided into categories. This will enhance overall test efficiency because the best tests for a target population can be used. Therefore, the test b atteries for assessing CAPD are presented under several categories (Stapells & Oates, 257-280). The auditory test batteries that are used to assess CANS function or dysfunction as the case may be, falls into two major categories: Behavioral tests and Electrophysiological tests. The behavioral tests are usually divided into four subcategories: monaural low-redundancy speech tests, dichotic speech tests, temporal patterning tests, and binaural interaction tests (Picton 225). The selection of tests will depend upon a number of factors, including the age of the individual being assessed, the specific auditory difficulties the individual displays, the individual’s native language, and cognitive status, and so forth. Electrophysiological tests are measures of the brains response to sounds (Blattner et al 179-183).

Analyze the impact of geography and economic Essay Example for Free

Analyze the impact of geography and economic Essay Geography and economic activity often determine the future of any civilization. Here, one is forced to admit that most of the obvious differences among the ancient civilization can be drawn based on their geographical location and, of course, their economic history (Wells, 561). Let us take the example of Roman and Mesopotamian civilizations. Roman civilization is centered on a powerful city situated on the Capitoline Hills. In the beginning of Rome’s history, most of the people were either farmers or small-scale traders. When Rome expanded into central and southern Italy at the beginning of the Punic Wars, its policy-makers were faced with this fundamental question, â€Å"How do we protect our trade interests? † The answer was expansionism. Rome acquired territories in the East either by conquest or forced capitulation of kingdoms (for example, Bithynia and Pergamum). Rome’s economic interests led to the expansion of the Roman Republic. When this republic was becoming larger and larger, the need for a more despotic, efficient form of government was becoming a reality. From 88 B. C. to 31 B. C. , the Republic became an avenue of power struggle between powerful public officials. (Such necessity was never a probabilistic tendency, rather a deterministic one) Rome, in 100 B. C. was not yet a center of trade and commerce. As such, only by expansion can Rome protect its economic interests (Wells, 585). The Mesopotamian civilization is situated on the so-called ‘Fertile Crescent’ or the junction of the Tigris-Euphrates Rivers. Its geographical location was suited for trade and commerce. In fact, it was the center of trade in the Middle East, controlling the flow of goods from the ‘Far East’ to the Pillars of Hercules (Toynbee, 266). Hence, most of the city-states founded on the Fertile Crescent were prosperous and relatively peaceful. Wars usually occurred as a means of settling disputes among rulers of city-states. Expansionism was never an important issue. Unlike Rome, most of the city-states preferred to negotiate rather than engage in costly wars. For example, when Uruk defeated a powerful city-state in 1560 B. C. , it was faced with an important fundamental question, â€Å"Is it necessary to occupy the city-state? † The answer was an obvious no. Occupation only entailed increased cost and resentment from the local population. It was more rational to keep the city under constant political surveillance than to actually occupy it. Only at the time of Sargon that was political view radically altered. 2. What do surviving works (art or architecture) tell us about culture? Compare pagan art to Christian art and Greek art to Roman art. Art and architecture define the ideology and prevailing beliefs of particular historical periods (Zaide, 419). Historical periods here do not simply refer to space and time, rather to actual events conforming to specific ideologies (Zaide, 420). Art and architecture also define the way of life of particular groups of people located in specific milieu. Hence, one may argue that works of art generally reflect the exterior and interior tendencies of people; that is, works of art define the psychology and behavior of peoples. For example, the painting ‘The Night watch† (by Rembrandt) reflects the ideological resistance of the Dutch nation against Spanish imperialism. Christian art is essentially different from pagan art in two respects. First, Christian art rests on the twin principles of equality (not to be confused with the ‘equality’ espoused by the French Revolution) and simplicity (Zaide, 549). Early Christian art depicted the symbolic reign of Christ on earth; this is symbolic of the simplicity of Christian life. During the reign of Constantine the Great, Christian art (although still rests on the concept of simplicity) became the emblem of imperial authority and the Divine Trinity (note that early Christian art only depicted the image of Christ). Constantine the Great ordered the construction of great basilicas to proclaim this new interpretation of Christian art. Second, Christian art centered on a single set of ideology. Christian art and philosophy centered on the nature of the Divine Trinity, the simplicity of Christian life, and the majesty of the Roman Church. Pagan art was a ‘hot spot’ of eastern, Greek, and Roman religious philosophy. Pagan art was simply the result of the mixture of pagan philosophies. Roman art is different from Greek art in two respects. First, Roman art was generally a modification of Greek art. The invention of concrete during the 1st century A. D. greatly advanced Roman art and architecture. For example, the simple amphitheatre of the Greeks was transformed into a colosseum. Concrete allowed the construction of more complex structures. Second, Greek art was essentially religious in character (this is assertion is debatable for some historians). Roman art and architecture was a mixture of religious and political philosophies. Works Cited Toynbee, Arnold. A History of the World. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1964. Wells, Herbert. An Outline of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947. Zaide, Gregorio. History of Art. Manila: Manila Publishing Company.

Hypoxia-mediated Selection of Cells with Diminished Apoptotic Potential

Cancer: Necrosis vs. Apoptosis Cancer is the second leading cause of death in humans. A cancer cell is a cell that has mutated from its original form and will often grow at a more rapid rate than normal. The body has built certain mechanisms to protect itself from these types of cells. One of the physiological processes the body uses to kill off these cells is apoptosis. Apoptosis is sometimes called "cell suicide". When the body detects that a cell's DNA has mutated and cannot be repaired, the cell will somehow trigger itself to self destruct. Up until 1972, scientists hadn't really looked carefully at how cells die. Once they did, it was apparent that two things could happen: necrosis or apoptosis. Necrosis was the term used to describe all cells that had died. However scientists have found that necrosis and apoptosis are two different processes. Necrosis is a result of outside forces acting upon a cell, causing it's destruction. Upon destruction of the cell in this manner, the internal contents of the cell are leaked into the local environment, which can be extremely harmful. In contrast, a cell dying by apoptosis does not release it's contents and potentially harm neighboring cells. Apoptosis is actually an active process within the cell. A process triggers some other process (which is not quite clear) inside the cell and tells the cell to start disassembling itself. When this happens, instead of releasing harmful chemicals into its environment, the cell is thought to send parts of itself to other surrounding cells to digest it. Roles of p53 and bcl-2 in Apoptosis The authors above and other scientists believe that the expression of the p53 gene is required for apoptosis. The p53 gene has been labeled as the tumour su... ... increases as oxygen is reduced, those cells with mutated p53 have a slower increase in death rate in hypoxic regions, compared to those cells that have normal p53 expression. This seems to point to the fact that the hypoxic regions are actually setting up a natural selection for the p53 deficient cells, and possibly other mutations resistant to death. Treatment Problems This can cause a problem when treating these cells with radiation and chemotherapy. These treatments attack the cells and attempt to destroy the DNA within the cell. This will usually cause an increase in the rate of apoptosis within the area treated. However if the cells in the area have built up a resistance to apoptosis they have built up an effective resistance to the chemotherapy and radiation. These facts could explain why the p53 gene is the most commonly mutated gene in human cancer.

Business Strategy and the Importance of Data-Driven Decision Making Essay

Good decision making is arguably the most important skill a successful manager can possess, but the ability to make intelligent decisions on an on-going basis requires not only intuition and experience, but also the right data. In fact, Garrison, Noreen, and Brewer (2012) identify intelligent, data-driven decision making as a business leader’s most basic managerial skill. That basic skill plays a critical role in helping a manager formulate and execute a successful business strategy. Manager’s need access to relevant historical data and projections to make intelligent, fact based decisions. The use of business intelligence and analytics has become the cornerstone of strategy formulation and execution across corporations around the globe. Access to relevant data is a necessity in not only formulating a business strategy, but in monitoring the execution of that strategy. The use of data for effective decision making is not a new concept, but since the introduction of the balanced scorecard by Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1996, the use of data to support decision making has taken off. In addition, the adoption of enabling technologies has accelerated the use of data-driven decision making. Whether it’s an operations manager monitoring key operational indicators or a sales manager forecasting sales revenue, appropriate data and the technologies which enable its most effective use, are key necessities in making intelligent and timely decisions. Formulating and executing a business strategy is a basic requirement for just about any business, but making good decisions is the difference between a successful business and one that goes bankrupt. The key to making those intelligent decisions that aid in the formulation and execution of a successful business strategy is the use of data to support those decisions. As an encore to their balanced scorecard concept, Robert Kaplan and David Norton (2001) describe how to successfully execute a business strategy by creating an organization where everyone is focused on strategy. At the heart of their approach was their original balanced scorecard which provides a summary of relevant data for managers. In their next book, they expand their original concept by making strategy a priority for everyone involved in the organization (2001). Although, Kaplan and Norton focused on business strategy, what they really succeeded in doing was putting data at the heart of every business process in every organization that adopted their approach. They enabled data-driven decision making as a by-product of designing a successful mechanism for executing business strategy. Kaplan and Norton understood that having access to relevant data was the key to successful decision making. Since Kaplan and Norton, the use of data-driven decision making has expanded. Today, aggregating, displaying, and analyzing data is referred to as business intelligence and analytics. Laursen and Thorlund (2010) contend that the deployment of business analytics and a business’ strategy are tightly linked. Analysis of important data sources and methods are a critical component of overall strategy development and decision making (2010). Today, successful business leaders not only recognize the use of data to make effective decisions, but they demand it. Although companies are capitalizing on the use of business intelligence and analytics today, it’s clear the use of data as a tool for decision making had its roots in Kaplan and Norton’s balanced scorecard (1996). The balanced scorecard concept was originally proposed by Kaplan and Norton (1996) as a way to measure a company’s performance and execute the company strategy. It was an improvement on the traditional method of using financial systems to track performance (1996). Kaplan and Norton’s balanced scorecard became the norm for not only measuring performance, but also as the preferred method for executing business strategy (1996). Although the use of data was nothing new in business, the balanced scorecard gave way to an era of using data for making critical business decisions. I have been involved in business meetings for a number of years with business leaders from operations managers to senior executives. Each meeting from operations reviews to performance or strategy always includes the review of some form of scorecard with critical business data. Simply adopting the balanced scorecard approach is not sufficient though. Managers must choose a method for implementing the approach that is efficient and gets the right data to the right people when they need it; the use of business intelligence can accomplish this goal (Paladino, 2008). Businesses have recognized the value of critical business intelligence, but some have taken the approach a step further. The most successful companies have adopted helpful business intelligence technologies available today to optimize the use of the balanced scorecard approach. Leading business intelligence tools on the market optimize the use of data for intelligent decision making by taking volumes of data and making it easy to access, organize, and augment to quickly fit the needs of the business. These enabling technologies allow a company to efficiently use data to formulate and execute a sound business strategy. Business Intelligence offerings from SAP, IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft represent more than half of the tools available in the market and are often tailored to specific industries (Henschen, 2012). For example, iLog is a business rule management system product from IBM that enables an insurance company to build a list of business rules that make a decision on whether or not an individual is approved for coverage based on user input (IBM ILOG, 2009). An individual enters all pertinent information into a form on the insurance company’s web site (powered by the ILOG product), and a decision based on coverage is immediately provided. An insurance company whose business strategy outlines process and operational optimization and improving customer acquisition is better positioned to execute that strategy with such a product. ILOG however is geared toward a more specific purpose. The more common business intelligence technologies take volumes of company and market data and organize it in such a way that provides a summary of valued business indicators. These technologies enable managers to make more informed decisions by having the right data readily available. Intelligent decision making is a complex process that requires a combination of experience and intuition, but most importantly, the use of the right supporting data. The formulation and execution of a successful business strategy requires managers to make a number of intelligent decisions. Having access to relevant data to make those intelligent decisions is the key to success. Integrating the balanced scorecard into the heart of a business’ management system as outlined by Kaplan and Norton (2001) is, in fact, a way to integrate data into every business process within an organization. More recent business intelligence and analytics technologies have made adopting these methodologies much easier for businesses. Managers are finding that an investment in enabling technologies yields significant financial results through efficiency and optimization. There is a common element that exists within any organization that has developed and executed a sound business strategy. Within each business, you will find a manager or team of business leaders who recognized and implemented the use of data to drive their decision making. References Garrison, R. H., Noreen, E. W., & Brewer, P. C. (2012). Managerial Accounting (14th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions. Henschen, D. (2012). Advanced analytics. InformationWeek, (1351), 7-15. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1220681098?accountid=7083 IBM ILOG Solutions for Insurance. (2009, July). IBM Software Group Solution Brief. Retrieved February 18, 2013, from http://www-304.ibm.com/easyaccess/fileserve?contentid=193615 Kaplan, Robert S., and David P. Norton. The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School, 1996. Print. Kaplan, R. S., & Norton, D. P. (2001). The Strategy-Focused Organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Laursen, G. H., & Thorlund, J. (2010). Business Analytics for Managers: Taking Business Intelligence Beyond Reporting. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Paladino, B., & Williams, N. (2008). Moving strategy forward: Merging the balanced scorecard and business intelligence. Business Performance Management Magazine, 6(2), 12-17. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218349922?accountid=7083

Islam CCOT Essay

During the post classical era, we find the world evolving by expansion and intense communication along many regions. With expansion and communication, trade and culture travels such as West Africa being introduced to Islam. Moving into western African, between 1000ce-1450ce, the introduction of Islam has brought a great increase in slave trade and rose literacy rates, creating literate officials in state administration. However, no rigorous conversion was made, some traditional practices remained. The increase of slaves was obtained through conquest and the impact of Islam created religious power to officials in state administration due to appeal of legitimacy of rule. However distant ruling centers would be least likely affected by Islam. West Africa’s economy was greatly stimulated by the appearance of Islam. They were able to trade, not only across the Sahara, as they had in Europe and the Middle East. Prior to the influence of Islam, West Africa interacted through regional trade and with help from Tran Saharan route they were able to connect to North Africa. With the Muslims, the bringing of Islam enlarged the amount of concubines, sex slaves, in West Africa. Although concubines were not Muslim, because Muslims believed that they couldn’t enslave their own people. We see that within Muslim ancestry they’ve always been nomadic, always relocating in spite of gaining new resources. The establishment of Islam led to the development of 1st regular trade across the Sahara. The impact of Islam turned Africa into a focal point of trade, linking Africa to Eurasian world trade. The Islamic Civilization gave rise to many centers of culture and science, producing notable doctors, nurses, scientists, astronomers, mathematicians, and philosophers. Monarchies and their courts now have literate officials to assist in state administration. A quantity of West African cities had become centers of Islamic intellectual life, increasing literacy rates and legitimacy in state administration. Muslims did not seek to convert West Africans; they did practice their religion while traveling. As time passed Muslim traders were accompanied by Clerics and scholars, these men interacted with local rulers on matter relating to trade, security, and governing. Until the leader of the kingdom converted, with full support would influence citizens to convert to Islam. Although Islam made a very large impression on West Africa, no through religious transformation was made. Being the fact they were rural there was no interaction with Muslims  or deepening influence of Islam. Practice such as permission for women to appear in public almost naked, being able to roam freely with unrelated men and the sparkling of dust on one’s head as a sign of respect. Other traditions also remained even though some converted to Islam due to the monotheistic belief related so closely to their belief in one creator God. While in West Africa, Islam rose slave trade along trade routes, increased literacy rates leading to conversion of literate state officials. Albeit, no religious transformation was made. Being the fact that Muslims were nomadic by ancestry they sought to carry out concubines in the slave trade. They believed that it was wrong to enslave their own people so they looked to Africans, their resource, to help them. In effect to the introduction of Islam, many aspects were imposed upon West Africans causing the conversion of monarchy. People found favor in Islam if the leader of the kingdom converted. Also religious legitimacy was brought to the attention of those who would gain status by pilgrimages to Mecca. But aside from the very large impact, no religious transformation was made because most of the cultures were rural and very distant to the places where Islam had interactions with.

Anthony Burgess essays

Anthony Burgess essays John Burgess Wilson, better known to the reading public as Anthony Burgess, is regularly lauded by critics and peers for his imagination, his humor, his varied knowledge and his sheer productivity. Abundantly reflected in Burgesss fiction is his Roman Catholic background, which is part of an ancient regional and family heritage. Mr. Burgess says, I was brought up a Catholic, became an agnostic, flirted with Islam and now hold a position which may be termed Manichee...I believe the wrong God is temporarily ruling the world and the true God has gone under. It is through his Manichean position that Burgess uses his novels as a social commentary, based on his desire for free will and free thought. While the novels written by Anthony Burgess contained (at times) deplorable violence, they also conveyed his points accurately and intelligently. For example, in A Clockwork Orange, a form of teenage dialect (nadstat) was used to downplay the actual violent crimes being committed while still shocking the educated reader (Malafry 1). Burgesss novels are entertaining, shocking and amusing, but, more importantly, they revel ever deepening shades of meaning as they are reread, meanings that challenge the imagination as they force readers to consider the human plight (De Vitis 89). One such plight, which is a central theme in many of Burgesss works is his resentment towards the state. Urged through several protagonists is the defense of self, no matter how twisted it may be. Condemned is the state, no matter how benevolent it pretends to be (Coale 14). An additional important factor that explains why Burgess feels the way he does about the state and society in general is his firm belief in Manichee. Shockingly, his vision of the world as one of constant reversals and repetitions within the ongoing conflict between good and evil reveals an essentially conservative Catholic eschatology...

How to Find Your GED Records

How to Find Your GED Records Every state in the U.S. has official General Education Diploma (GED) records for  everyone who  has earned a GED in that state. Records can be accessed by the GED holders themselves or by others who have obtained their consent. Reasons to Locate GED Records If you are applying for a job, for example, you will likely need to provide your GED completion date as verification of your education history. You may also need to provide this information as part of a background check if you volunteering at an organization. Finally, you may need to locate GED records if you are a hiring manager and you need to verify the information provided by a job applicant. How to Find GED Records Whether you need a copy of your own GED records  or you want to verify that a job applicant truly earned a GED, there are several steps you need to take: Determine in which state the GED credential was earned.Check the states education website to determine that states requirements for records requests.Get authorization from the GED holder. Most states require:Full name and all past last namesDate of birthSocial Security number (some require only last four digits)Date of records requestSignature of GED holderEmail or mailing address where verification is to be sentSend required information by whichever means the state requests (some have online request forms, but all require the GED holders signature). The turnaround time in many states is only 24 hours, but requests should be made as early as possible. Remember that the only information that will be sent is verification that an official credential was earned and the date on which it was earned. For protection of privacy, no scores are provided. Common Challenges In some cases, you may encounter challenges when you request GED records. Each state has its own guidelines for storing and accessing this information, and some are more compliant than others when it comes to granting requests. The date of testing may affect how easy it is to obtain GED  records. Recent records are more likely to be stored in a digital archive, accessible by computer, while older records are more likely to be found in a physical archive that is less easily searched. To help archivists locate older records, you should be prepared to provide as much information as possible, including past names. Fulfilling requests for older records may take additional time, even up to several weeks. You should take this into account when submitting a  records request. If you are looking for your GED records but missing some of the information listed above, you may still be in luck. In Texas, for example, File IDs are attached to records without  Social Security numbers. GED holders can work with the state education agencys help desk to find out their File IDs and access their complete records.

International Tourism In The United States Of America Essay

International Tourism In The United States Of America - Essay Example A number of factors made it possible for people to increasingly visit different places and enjoy a change of scene from their usual environment. Among the factors is the rise of a middle class economy as workers benefited from income generated by working in new industries. This group of citizens had extra income to spend on vacations to different areas of the country occasionally taking a number of days (Shaffer, 2001). Additionally from the late eighteenth century, there were extensive developments in the transport and communication sectors within the US making it easy for people to travel and access information about specific areas they were interested in visiting. The construction of the railroad to link major cities by 1860 was an important step in furthering the increasing interest in tourism especially from entrepreneurs such as Walter Raymond who travelled to California to identify new areas of investment in the area of resort hotel in 1883. Following these developments, there were important developments in tourism as new destinations such as in San Francisco where the Cliff House became an area of interest as well as other places such as Yosemite national Park developed as a tourist attraction from the late 1850s (Shaffer, 2001). The developments in tourism industry from the 18th up to around 1940s majorly benefited the upper class and a few groups of people from the middle class. Additionally, tourism services offered by different players were disintegrated with service providers such as transport agencies, hotels keepers, tour operators and travel agents working as distinct groups within the sector. Each of the service providers worked independent of the other without closer collaborations with those running the hotels strictly being concerned with beds while those in transportation were only concerned with offering passenger services. However, the reality in

Privacy of an Employee in the Workplace Assignment

Privacy of an Employee in the Workplace - Assignment Example The recent recession has actually increased the power of the employers and the employees suffered a lot because of that. Legal and ethical rights of the employees have been violated heavily by the corporate management in order to exploit the employees. This paper briefly analyses law, ethics and corporate governance at a workplace. An employee can expect reasonable privacy only when he was engaged in a work which needs accuracy, thoroughness and logic. For example, consider an artist or designer who is trying to make a new design for a product. The interference of others might distract his focus and he may take more time to complete the design. Even though America has a well defined legal system, the laws related to privacy of the employees at workplace seems to be weak. Each state has different privacy laws and the standardization of privacy laws across the country seems to be a distant dream. Some employers try to exert control over the worker’s life outside of the working hours (Halbert and Ingulli, 2008, p.79). For example, some workers smoke during their lunch break. Most of the organizations provide at least one or two hours lunch break. Employees often make use of this break for smoking or some enjoyment purpose. But some employers even restrict such things at the workplace which is not a good ide a. Employees should have the luxury of privacy at least at the break times. According to New York laws, it is illegal to fire an employee for engaging in off-hours sports, games, hobbies, exercise, reading, movie or TV watching (Halbert and Ingulli, 2008, p.80). Some organizations rate certain employee activities as legal or illegal based on the place and occasion when the action has been performed. For example, some organizations allow their workers to smoke in private places during their off-hours whereas smoking inside an enclosed office might be restricted. The activities of an employee should not cause any damage to the co-workers.  Ã‚  

Special Education Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Special Education - Article Example avior, of which William was also observed to exhibit: inattention: â€Å"often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly† (cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, pp. 341-342); hyperactivity: â€Å"often leaves seat in classroom or in other situations in which remaining seated is expected; often runs about or climbs excessively in situations in which it is inappropriate† (APA, 1994, cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, p. 342). Concurrently, the behaviors that suggest that this may be a conduct disorder are as follows: aggression: â€Å"often bullies, threatens, or intimidates; often initiates physical fights; has been physically cruel to people† (APA, 1994, cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, p. 342); and destruction of property: â€Å"has deliberately destroyed others property† (APA, 1994, cited in Foley, Carlton, & Howell, 1996, p. 342). In making any recommendations or actions to address William’s dilemma, the legal considerations that must be taken into account include the use of excess force to restrain William and which could cause harm and injury to him; and implementing interventions that run counter to those recommended by the DHS or the surrogate mother, without proper court order or legal approval. Foley, H., Carlton, C., & Howell, R. (1996). The Relationship of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder to Juvenile Delinquency: Legal Implications. Retrieved from Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law:

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay

Domestic Violence Within The Military Social Work Essay Understanding family violence in the military is an important concern because of the unique stresses faced by military families on a daily basis that could place them at greater risk for family dysfunction. Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can create a stressful lifestyle for military families. In the mid to late 1990s advocates and activists, were able to persuade policy makers that domestic violence constituted a social problem specifically for the military. American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military personnel to nations around the world, providing servicemen opportunities to meet and socialize with local women. Immigrant status keeps many women from seeking help or leaving the abusive relationship, fearing they cant ask for help and deportation. The servicemen tried to prevent their immigrant wives from gaining independence or leaving the marriage. The militarys approach to prevent, identify and intervene with domestic violence relies heavi ly on the Family Advocacy Program (FAP). Introduction Family violence may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall stress levels associated with the military lifestyle (e.g., frequent separations, long work hours, dangerous work environment, etc.). Long separations, such as Deployment to war, can create a stressful lifestyle for military families. Studies have proven long deployments increase the chances of returning with combat trauma, as a result heightens the risk of domestic violence (Rentz et al., 2006). Understanding family violence in the military is an important concern because of the unique stresses faced by military families on a daily basis that could place them at greater risk for family dysfunction. Members of the armed forces are often required to relocate to another city, state, or country, often resulting in a disruption to family life. They also tend to work long hours and are subject to extended separations in the form of schooling, temporary assignments, or deployment, all of which may interfere with family obligations (Alvarez Sontiag, 2008). Domestic Violence in the Military: The History The Department of Defense has taken a clear stance against family violence. In 1981, Department of Defense Directive 6400.1 required each branch of military service (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps) to establish (a) a Family Advocacy Program to prevent and treat child maltreatment and spouse abuse and (b) a confidential central registry to collect and analyze Family Advocacy Program data (Department of Defense, 2004). It is unclear whether or not family violence would be more common among military families than among civilian families. Family violence may be more common in the military population compared to the civilian population because of higher overall stress levels associated with the military lifestyle (e.g., frequent separations, long work hours, dangerous work environment, etc.). Soldiers are subject to deployments and relocations that can often lead to a separation from peers and community support networks. Frequent and extensive separations may have a profound impact on marriages, particularly those of short duration, because they present a window of opportunity for the spouse left behind to explore independence and develop other relationships. For those relocated to installations located outside of the continental United States, social and cultural isolation is fairly common (Rentz et al., 2006). There is an increasing number of active duty military (ADM) women, like their civilian counterparts, at risk for domestic violence (DV). This study illustrates active duty military womens attitudes and choices concerning the militarys policy on domestic violence. 474 ADM women from all services were interviewed via telephone. Nineteen of whom had experienced DV during their military service (Gielen et al., 2006). During the study, ADM women were afraid if they were to report domestic violence it would jeopardize their job. In fact, a higher proportion of military women thought regular screening would intensify future abuse (Gielen et al., 2006). This may be related to the military context in which there is mandatory reporting and a lack of confidentiality. United States Military Culture Gender-based violence, such as sexual harassment, rape, and domestic violence, is a global phenomenon that occurs among military families and within military communities, during peace time and in time of war. A number of researchers and activists have argued that military culture, shared norms, for example, regarding masculinity, sexuality, violence, and women, is conducive to rape and sexual harassment, as well as domestic violence (Adelman, 2003). In the United States, however, it was not until the mid to late 1990s that advocates and activists, working both within and outside of the military, were able to persuade policy makers that domestic violence constituted a social problem specifically for the military. Widespread media coverage of military-generated sexual harassment and sexual assault scandals as well as reporting of high rates of domestic violence in the U.S. military in Time magazines and 60 Minutess motivated the Department of Defense to address domestic violence in the military (Adelman, 2003). Civilian advocates for battered women as well as military personnel warn that domestic violence harms servicewomen and civilian women (and their children) who are married to military servicemen. It also has been argued that domestic violence goes against the institutional values of the military and negatively affects military readiness (Adelman, 2003). These include creation of a task force, strengthening of reporting protocols, enhancement of the Family Advocacy Program, and encouragement to create public notice between civilian and military authorities. Military policies regarding domestic violence diverge from civilian approaches in several significant ways. What constitutes a criminal violation, for example, and who substantiates a complaint of domestic violence conform to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ, n.d.). Privacy and confidentiality are not guaranteed within the military system, which mandates the reporting to unit commanders of suspected cases of domestic violence regarding personnel under their supervision. Military responses to domestic violence differ most clearly from civilian, state-based responses in that the social control mechanism doubles as the offenders employer. In the United States, the military or the military base constitutes a relatively isolated and autonomous social and legal entity that produces and is governed by its own language, norms, and laws. This reflects the idealized distance and legal division between military and civilian life in the United States, and as a result, studies of domestic violence in the U.S. military are based on a separation between the civil and the military, making it difficult to conduct comprehensive or comparative research. Orders of protection obtained in a civilian court, for example, may not be enforced within the federal jurisdiction of a military base and vice versa. Much of the concern with and research on military culture and relationships between military culture and domestic violence have been generated in the United States or in countries that host U.S. military bases, due to a number of high-profile cases of sexual harassment, rape, and domestic homicide in the U.S. military (Adelman, 2003). Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence Although the Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence (DTFDV) has made a serious attempt to address many of the concerns related to domestic violence in the military, its analysis of battering is highly flawed in key sections of the report. As a result, the report includes inappropriate recommendations for interventions and remedies. Battering is described as an individual, clinical problem in the section on training of military officers and the section on offender accountability. No attention is given to the societal attitudes and belief systems that support such violence and no distinctions are made between normal marital disputes and the pattern of power and control that characterizes domestic violence (DOD, 2004; Rosenthal McDonald, 2003). The DTFDV report strongly recommends that training be provided to military officers and presents information that should be included in such training. However, there is a troublesome emphasis within this information on anger management as a remedy in some domestic violence cases. The information states that anger management classes should only be utilized in low level emotional maltreatment cases where there has been no physical violence. Classifying any domestic violence case as low level is problematic and indicates confusion about the dynamics of this specific pattern of behavior. Domestic violence is not about everyday arguments and irritabilities between couples. The pattern of behavior that is generally defined as domestic violence involves coercive, intimidating, frightening, and controlling behavior by one partner toward another. Situations in which such a pattern is present generally involve not only emotional maltreatment but also threats of violence that can quickly escala te into physical abuse (Rosenthal McDonald, 2003). Reports of Parental Spousal Violence In the military, family violence directly jeopardizes the familys financial security. A battered wife often protects the military husband against legal proceedings initiated by the military. The military also may be more likely to protect officers accused of spousal violence as compared to enlisted soldiers. Studies indicate that children can accurately report on spousal violence. In the military, 95% of spousal violence occurs in the home and 43% of victims report that children witness the abuse. The study demonstrated that there was as general trend for more spousal violence in the military families with slapping, throwing objects, and an overall measure of violence distinguishing between the military and civilian groups. These differences persisted even when controlling for ethnic background and military rank. Spousal violence was significantly higher in commissioned officers as compared to enlisted personnel. The current study does not address whether the military environment contributes to increased spousal violence or whether individuals prone to abusive behavior are more likely to join the military (Cronin, 1995). Immigration and Domestic Violence Each year, hundreds of thousands of women enter the United States as a spouse of a U.S. citizen or legal permanent resident, coming to the United States with significant disadvantages in social status and resources compared with their male partners. Women whose immigrant status is attached to their husbands U.S. citizenship enjoy somewhat greater legal protection than do undocumented immigrant women, but they too are vulnerable due to the structure of immigration law (MSCFV, n.d.). Immigrant status keeps many women from seeking help from abuse or leaving the abusive relationship. Undocumented women fear that if they ask for help, the health or social service provider will turn them in for deportation. However, even battered immigrant women with legal immigrant status feel vulnerable to deportation should they seek help. Asian and Latino immigrant women with spousal visas tied to their abusers also report that fears of deportation maintain their involvement with their batterer (Erez Bach, 2003). The United States is considered a nation of immigrants. Nevertheless, who is allowed to legally immigrate has varied over time. U.S. immigration and naturalization laws have shaped the resulting immigrant pool in terms of gender, race or nationality, sexual orientation, and marital status. Subsequent changes in immigration policy, including an amnesty initiative in the mid-1980s, led to heterosexual family reunification and an increase in the numbers of women and children who migrated to the United States. Such gendered and sexualized patterns reflect how immigration and naturalization law serves to police the purported moral as well as political boundaries of the nation. These immigration laws affect why, when, how, and with whom women immigrate and their experiences of domestic violence subsequent to arrival in the United States (Erez, Adelman, Gregory, 2009; Raj Silverman, 2002). Some women reported that the increase in emotional, sexual, and physical abuse coincided with immigration-specific activities such as entering the country, filing immigration papers, or accessing social welfare systems. The majority of women who came with their spouses reported that the transition and move to the United States altered the dynamics of the relationship: He has had more power to manipulate in the U.S. because I am illegal and depended on him and I didnt have any rights here (Erez et al., 2009). Although law is not intentionally gender biased, one that creates a status-marriage dependency, such as immigration law, makes immigrant women more vulnerable to the domestic violence power dynamic. Military Brides American foreign policy has resulted in the deployment of U.S. military personnel to nations around the world, providing servicemen opportunities to meet and socialize with local women. Some members of the Armed Forces stationed overseas form intimate which they are deployed, making these women military brides, namely, foreign-born women who marry U.S. military personnel. For instance, the deployment of U.S. troops in Asian countries has resulted in more than 200,000 Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Korean, and Filipino women marrying U.S. service members and immigrating to the United States since World War II. On arrival in this country, military brides become immigrants and are subject to U.S. immigration laws, which generally give, with few exceptions, a spouse (or parent) control over the immigration status of their dependents (Erez Bach, 2003). The servicemen tried to prevent their immigrant wives from gaining independence or leaving the marriage. Some husbands prohibited the women from looking for employment. One woman stated that the violence occurred while she was on the telephone discussing a job. Another woman noted that she could only work when her abuser was out of the house. Attempts by the women to take some actions to stop the abuse also triggered violence: [Violence occurred] following meetings with an attorney or military officials (Erez Bach, 2003). Without exception, the women interviewed reported that their husbands (or fiancà © in one case) used their immigration status as a weapon against them. The abuse tactics included threats to report them to immigration authorities, to inform the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) about presumed law violations, to take away the children, or to deport the women (Erez Bach, 2003). Without any close family or friends nearby, the women did not have any semblance of the social and cultural support networks that are available to other military wives. The immigrant women could not travel home, nor could they call or communicate with relatives or friends. They were not familiar with the civilian community around them and did not have the benefit of an immigrant community to turn to for support or advice. Without the presence of family, friends, or community, the isolation and powerlessness intensified (Raj Silverman, 2002). Lack of language skills increases immigrant womens isolation, precludes access to information, and further limits their employment prospects. In responding to domestic violence in the military, special attention should be paid to women whose circumstances involve multiple vulnerabilities, such as military brides. Marital ties of immigrant women to abusive men combine military and immigration-related abuse and dependency, whether real or perceived. The study demonstrates that immigration status can become an additional weapon in the arsenal of abusive military partners. As immigrant women are often not aware of or informed about legal protections and available services, 10 immigration-related abuses can become an effective tool of control and domination. In light of the large number of intimate partnerships formed between American military personnel stationed abroad and foreign-born women, the abuse potential inherent in such relationships warrants special attention by the military in its efforts to address domestic violence (Defense Task Force on Domestic Violence, 2002). It is important to remind all who work with battered women and immigrant communities that we must do what is necessary to improve the lives of battered immigrant women and their children. Members of immigrant communities, battered womens advocates, researchers, policy makers, and most importantly, battered immigrant women must collaborate in designing these efforts. Defense Departments Family Advocacy Program The Department of Defense created a Family Advocacy Program (FAP), providing victims with resources that would help get to safety and back on their feet. The program is available on each military base, and consists of coordinated efforts designed to prevent, identify, report and treat all aspects of child abuse and neglect, and domestic abuse. Each base also has a victims advocate who work with the units FAP (DOD, 2004). Licensed counselors, psychologists and social workers make up the military victim advocate. They are knowledgeable about the process military personnel and their families can take to address domestic violence. They also have available a list of resources, therapists, and shelters that will assist victims and their families. Advocates and consultants work with the victim, advising the individual of available options (DOD, 2004). Commanding officers are ultimately responsible for maintaining good order and discipline among military personnel. Although all the Military Services provide training to assist commanding officers in understanding their roles and responsibilities related to command, the curricula and duration vary by Service. Department of Defense Directive (DoDD) 6400.1 mandates that the Family Advocacy Program (FAP) office notify a service members commanding officer when an act of abuse has allegedly occurred. The directive mandates the education and training of key personnel on policy and effective measures to alleviate problems associated with child and spouse abuse. The directive, however, does not define key personnel (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The services have implemented this policy in varying ways, to include everything from individual briefings with commanding officers once they have assumed command positions on an installation to a group training format. The Army provides specific instructions on briefing commanding officers via Army Regulation 608-18, the Army FAP. The Navys guidance is outlines on OPNAVINST 1752.2A, FAP, noting that commanding officers shall ensure that the command is trained on the identification and prevention of family violence, reporting requirements, and command, community, and FAP response awareness as regular professional development training (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The Air Force provides guidance in Air Force Instruction 40-301, FAP and the Marine Corps provides guidance for commanding officer training in MCOP 1752.3B, Marine Corps FAP Standing Operation. Unit commanders at installations with a family service center should obtain a FAP brief from the FAP manager within 45 days of assuming command (Klimp Tucker, 2001). The Department of Defense does not mandate domestic violence training specifically for military commanding officers. However, the DOD advises the Services to provide education and training for key personnel. Installations vary in their interpretations of the directive, and, as a result, some programs have more depth than others. The militarys approach to prevent, identify and intervene with domestic violence relies heavily on FAP. Given they operate under the guidance of qualified mental health professionals they are readily available to assist those military personnel and their families with their needs. Summary Domestic violence includes but not limited to the willful intimidation, physical assault and battery against an intimate partner or child. It also includes emotionally abusive and controlling behavior that establishes a pattern of dominance and control (NCADV, 2005). Even though domestic violence is never acceptable, mental health professionals know firsthand how the kind of intense stress experienced by military members often leads to abusive behaviors. In the 2008 New York Times article When Strains on Military Families Turn Deadly, the authors state that studies illustrate the relationship between combat experience, trauma, and domestic violence. The article cited a 2006 study which focused on veterans at a Veterans Affairs medical center who sought marital counseling between 1997 and 2003. They found that those with PTSD were significantly more likely to perpetrate violence toward their partner. Studies like these, and reports by those who work with military personnel and their families, have many mental health practitioners, military leaders, and policymakers concerned, and determined to find solutions for countless victims, before its too late. The NYT article mentioned several instances where mental health problems associated with the Iraq and Afghanistan wars led to devastating, deadly homicides, with a service member killing his spouse, or child, and sometimes turning the gun on himself afterwards (Alvarez Sontiag, 2008). Future research is needed that explores family violence in all branches of the military. Studies should also focus on the simultaneous occurrence of child maltreatment and spouse abuse in military families. The civilian and military communities are urged to work toward using common definitions and practices to facilitate comparison of rates among the populations. It is important to further examine service availability and utilization to determine the impact on family violence. References: Adelman, M. (2003). The Military, Militarism and the Militarization of domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 9: 1118-1152. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255292. Alvarez, L. Sontiag, D. (2008, February 15). When strains on military families turn deadly. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2HYPERLINK http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2_r=1HYPERLINK http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/15/us/15vets.html?pagewanted=2_r=1_r=1 Cronin, C. (1995). Adolescent reports of parental spousal violence in Military and civilian families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10: 117-122. DOI: 10.1177/088626095010001008. Department of Defense. (2004). Department of Defense Directive 6400.1. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/640001p.pdf Erez, E. Bach, S. (2003). Immigration, domestic violence, and the military: The case of Military Brides. Violence Against Women, 9: 1093-1117. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255289. Erez, E., Adelman, M. Gregory, C. (2009). Intersections of immigration and domestic violence: Voices of battered immigrant women. Feminist Criminology, 4: 32-56. DOI: 10.1177/1557085108325413. Gielen, A., Campbell, J., Garza, M. A., OCampo, P., Dienemann, J., Kub, J., Lloyd, D. W. (2006). Domestic Violence in the Military: Womens Policy Preferences and Beliefs Concerning Routine Screening and Mandatory Reporting. Military Medicine, 171(8), 729-735. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Klimp, J. W. Tucker, T.T. (2001). Domestic violence. Arlington, VA: Task Force Mid-Shore Council on Family Violence. (n.d.). Domestic violence immigrant victims. Retrieved from http://www.mscfv.org/dvstat.html National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. (2005). Domestic Violence. Retrieved from http://www.ncadv.org/aboutus.php Raj, A. Silverman, J. (2002). Violence against immigrant women: The roles of culture, context, and legal immigrant status on intimate partner violence. Violence Against Women, 8: 367-398. DOI: 10.1177/10778010222183107. Rentz, D.E., Martin, S.L., Gibbs, D.A., Clinton-Sherrod, M. Hardison, J. Marshall, S. (2006). Family violence in the military: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 7: 93-108. DOI: 10.1177/1524838005285916. Rosenthal, L. McDonald, S. (2003). Seeking justice: A review of the second report of the defense task force on domestic violence. Violence Against Women, 9: 1153-1161. DOI: 10.1177/1077801203255549. Uniform Code of Military Justice. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/ucmj.htm Part II: A Reflection Piece The Family Justice Center Abstract The Family Justice Center (FJC) is just that, a multi-agency service center for victims of family violence and their children. FJC is comprised of multiple community partners. With my legal background interning with the legal network was the best fit. My role consisted of screening domestic violence (DV) victims, assisting in the process of obtaining a temporary restraining order (TRO) and providing court support. As a certified paralegal and currently studying forensic psychology I am finding it somewhat difficult to overstep my boundaries in performing dual roles. The most challenging policy to adhere is the qualifications for obtaining a TRO. It is difficult to determine what qualification constitutes someone as being qualified for a TRO. Does a victim have to get beaten before applying for a TRO? At what point do we justify what qualifies? One of the laws that we do follow is the Dr. Jackie Campbells Danger Assessment. The Danger Assessment (DA) was originally developed by Co-Inv estigator Campbell with consultation and content validity support from battered women, shelter workers, law enforcement officials, and other clinical experts on battering. As every multi-disciplinary team is unique, it is important to be aware of strategies to address challenges related to working in multi-disciplinary teams. Whether it is defining roles, setting boundaries, or ensuring all team members can contribute equally, strategies like these can help multi-disciplinary teams address challenges they often encounter. Introduction There are many forensic psychology settings in which forensic psychology professionals may work. Forensic psychology professionals may work with offenders in the courts, in prisons, in halfway houses, or in community settings. Forensic psychology professionals may also work with crime victims in settings such as domestic violence shelters. There are many reasons why I chose the forensic psychology setting I did for my field experience. The Family Justice Center The Family Justice Center (FJC) focuses on creating a network nationally and internationally minimizing family violence. The center also provides, training, consultation and host conferences. The FJC is comprised of multiple professionals and services such as a military liaison, mental health services, a law enforcement department, and a legal department. The FJC is just that, a multi-agency service center for victims of family violence and their children. This center offers children with close working relationships, shared training and technical assistance, collaborative learning processes, and coordinated funding assistance (FJC, 2009). The FJC legal networks mission statement is to provide convenient and free legal services to victims of domestic violence (FJC, 2009). FJC goes above and beyond their mission statement. They provide additional resources and centers their attention only on the individual client. They provide a child care center for clients with children, a waiting room filled with drinks and snacks is provided as well as small therapy rooms equipped with comfortable sofas. The therapy room is where assessments are conducted for privacy purposes. Roles and Responsibilities FJC is comprised of multiple community partners. With my legal background interning with the legal network was the best fit. My role consisted of screening domestic violence (DV) victims, assisting in the process of obtaining a temporary restraining order (TRO) and providing court support at court hearings. Once the screening is conducted, I consult with my supervising attorney to determine if the client has qualifying elements to proceed with a TRO. To qualify for a TRO through FJC, a client must have one of the following relationships to the person they want restrained: Spouse or former spouse Person with whom you share(d) a living space Have or had a dating/engagement relationship Parents of a child Relative to the second degree (grandparents, but not cousins) The person they wish to have restrained must ALSO have committed one of these acts: Recent physical violence Recent threats of physical violence Harassment Recent sexual assault or molestation Stalking Verbal abuse (only when very severe) (FJC, 2009). Ethical Issues The FJC takes every precaution to follow all ethical codes set upon all professionals within the organization. As I mentioned before the FJC is comprised of various professionals such as detectives, counselors/psychologists and attorneys. Each professional has its own ethical codes to follow. The legal department follows same ethical codes related to confidentiality and release of information (APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 4; AP-LS, 2008: Specialty Guideline 10). Each client is required to go through two screenings before they move forward with the legal department. A psychologist screens them and if there are visible injuries, the client is seen by a forensic medical examiner. At this time, a release authorization form of the photos is signed by client. This gives the organization permission to use the photos as evidence for court hearings. Each client is required to sign a confidentiality agreement form prior to meeting with the legal department. As stated above the organization is also comprised of police officers and detectives. Police officers and detectives have their own ethical codes to follow. At times a client would arrive and would also like to file a police report. At the moment the client is allowed to file a report. At no time can the psychologist or attorney be present during this time. If a third party was present during this time, the third party is entitled to testify in court as a witness for the criminal case. It can get pretty complicated. I ran into this problem when assisting with the client that was a detective. As a certified paralegal and currently studying forensic psychology I found it somewhat difficult not to overstep my boundaries in performing dual roles (APA, 2010: Ethical Standard Code 3; AP-LS, 2008: Specialty Guidelines 6). Part of my responsibility prior to assisting with the TRO I have to screen them to determine if they have enough evidence to move forward with a TRO. Sometimes I find myself steering towards a psychological assessment only to remember that Im screening for legal purposes. Legal Issues With the legal field come many laws, regulations and procedures. The most challenging policy to adhere is the