Effect Of Discharge Of Domestic Sewage On Coral Reefs Research Proposal

Effect Of Discharge Of Domestic Sewage On Coral Reefs - Research Proposal Example The Marine environment is constantly faced with threats which can be linked to land-based activities. Such activities are urbanization, development of the coast for example dredge and fill operations, industries dealing with desalinization, power, and refineries. Recreation and tourism facilities, water treatment plants, mining along the coastline and quarry activities, oil bunkering facilities and finally modification of the habitat conversion and filling of the wetlands. A significant number of large coastal development projects in Saudi Arabia which include hotel, restaurants and recreational facilities have increased over the last few years and this has had ripple effects on the marine habitat and environment. The major sewage treatment plants in Jeddah are overloaded and as such, treatment effectiveness is very low leading to low quality of effluent that is emitted into the red sea. To add to the direct destruction of key habitats and marine life, suspended materials that come f rom activities such as dredge and fill are likely to result in rampant marine life destruction. Sedimentation leads to suffocation of benthic communities which has adverse effects on the surrounding ecosystem such as the mangroves, coral reefs, and the seabeds. This leads to less productivity of the sea which can be seen through shrimping grounds and demersal fisheries. Is the discharge of domestic sewage due to increased population in Southern Corniche in Jeddah leading to the erosion of coral reefs?  

Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Costing - Essay Example The Target costing method is widely used in the RD&E phase of the total life cycle of a good. The Target costing accounting method has been extensively used since time immemorial. This method dates back to the early 20th century at the height of industrial revolution in Europe and North America. Henry Ford, the famous engineer designed the first vehicle in 1908 in a factory with an aim of minimizing costs and maximizing profits through mass production. Ford managed to retail the T model vehicle at an average of $ 495 in the year 1913 (Wilson 2013). Understandably, for him to achieve that fete, the engineer and his planners had to minimize production costs to a bare minimum. Henry Ford accounted for raw material expenses through a backward integration process, labour expenses through specialization and division of labour and other expenses through frugal behaviour. Fords Company received a boost after the end of the Second World War (WWII) for the demand for the vehicles rose sharply (Wilson 2013). With increased demand, the price for the vehicle increased upwards. Because Target costing is normally applied to fresh merchandise planning, which mostly needs investments in new tools and equipment, it is justifiably correct to say that price influences both investments and expenses. The Total life cycle cost accounting method is a broad way for company executives to comprehend and account for costs through merchandises design, creation, and manufacturing, promotion, delivery, maintenance, service and clearance phases. It denotes a process of organizing all expenses along the value chain (Keuper 2011). By way of employing this method, cost managers are able to salvage some significant costs. By selected approximations, about 80% of goods total life expenses are committed by assessments made in the course of the RD& E phase, emphasizing the significance of managing all expenses along the value